# death.observer — Global Observatory of Life & Death

> A personal, non-commercial English-language data publication on global births, deaths, life expectancy and a curated, sourced timeline of major mortality events. Every number traces to a source, a method and an update time. Data built 2026-11-15T03:49:51Z.

## Key facts
- Global deaths: about 174,349 per day in 2026 (63,637,314 for the year; UN World Population Prospects 2024, medium-variant projection).
- Global births: about 363,023 per day in 2026 (132,503,469 for the year).
- World population on 1 January 2026: 8,266,245,291.
- Latest year with a UN estimate: 2023 (61,651,608 deaths, 132,110,264 births). Years after 2023 are UN projections, not counts.
- Life expectancy at birth, world: 73.2 years in 2023, up from 46.4 years in 1950.
- The site's "global deaths today" counter is a model estimate (annual UN total spread evenly over the year), not a real-time count.

## Births and deaths, world (UN WPP 2024)
| Year | Population 1 Jan | Births | Deaths | Deaths per day | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7,851,414,621 | 134,719,611 | 63,546,315 | 173,624 | ESTIMATED |
| 2021 | 7,922,587,963 | 133,448,839 | 69,728,100 | 191,036 | ESTIMATED |
| 2022 | 7,986,308,820 | 132,475,391 | 62,278,627 | 170,626 | ESTIMATED |
| 2023 | 8,056,505,564 | 132,110,264 | 61,651,608 | 168,909 | ESTIMATED |
| 2024 | 8,126,964,296 | 132,405,927 | 62,389,498 | 170,463 | PROJECTED |
| 2025 | 8,196,980,849 | 132,399,173 | 63,135,984 | 172,975 | PROJECTED |
| 2026 | 8,266,245,291 | 132,503,469 | 63,637,314 | 174,349 | PROJECTED |
| 2027 | 8,335,111,500 | 132,590,971 | 64,625,684 | 177,057 | PROJECTED |

## Major mortality events (42)
Labels: VERIFIED, ESTIMATED, PRELIMINARY, UNCERTAIN, PROJECTED. Ranges mean credible sources disagree. "No reliable estimate" means no figure is published here.
- [Black Death](https://death.observer/timeline#black_death_1346): 1346 to 1353; Europe, Western Asia and North Africa; deaths 25,000,000–50,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths in Europe only; no comprehensive estimate exists for Western Asia and North Africa. Low end: Britannica (about 25 million, 1347–1351); high end: Benedictow's synthesis of about 60% of an estimated 80 million Europeans (about 50 million), as summarised by Our World in Data.
- [1755 Lisbon earthquake](https://death.observer/timeline#lisbon_earthquake_1755): 1 Nov 1755; Lisbon, Portugal, with tsunami effects in Spain, Morocco and across the Atlantic; deaths 50,000–70,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from shaking, tsunami and fire combined. NOAA's tsunami table lists 50,000 (may include earthquake deaths); Britannica gives about 60,000 in Lisbon alone; USGS lists 70,000.
- [Great Famine (Ireland)](https://death.observer/timeline#irish_great_famine_1845): 1845 to 1852; Ireland; deaths 1,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Excess deaths from starvation and famine-related disease (typhus, typhoid, dysentery), about one million per both Britannica (Joel Mokyr) and Cormac Ó Gráda (EH.Net). Excludes some two million emigrants, averted births and famine-related deaths abroad.
- [Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement](https://death.observer/timeline#taiping_rebellion_1850): Jul 1850 to Jul 1864; Southern and central China; deaths 20,000,000–30,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from fighting, massacres, famine and disease. Low end: Encyclopaedia Britannica (an estimated 20 million) and University of Cambridge (at least 20 million, about 5% of the empire's population). High end: Tobie Meyer-Fong, What Remains (Stanford University Press, 2013), citing conventional figures of 20 to 30 million. No official PRC death figure was found.
- [American Civil War](https://death.observer/timeline#american_civil_war_1861): 1861 to 1865; United States; deaths 618,222–750,000 (ESTIMATED). Military deaths from combat and disease, with some civilian deaths in census-based figures. Low end: the traditional count of 618,222; high end: J. David Hacker's census-based estimate of about 750,000 (range 650,000–850,000). A 2024 full-census study (PNAS) estimates 698,000.
- [1900 Galveston hurricane](https://death.observer/timeline#galveston_hurricane_1900): 8 Sep 1900; Galveston Island, Texas, United States; deaths 6,000–12,000 (ESTIMATED). Direct deaths, mainly drowning. NPS gives 6,000–8,000 in the city and 10,000–12,000 for the whole island; NOAA's National Hurricane Center cites an 'official' estimate of at least 8,000 and a contemporary Texas governor's estimate of 12,000.
- [1902 eruption of Mount Pelée](https://death.observer/timeline#mount_pelee_eruption_1902): 8 May 1902; Saint-Pierre, Martinique (French West Indies); deaths 28,000–30,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from the 8 May pyroclastic current. Lacroix (1904), cited in Frontiers in Earth Science (2020), estimated 28,000–29,000; USGS lists 30,000 (29,025 per Blong 1984).
- [Sinking of the Titanic](https://death.observer/timeline#titanic_sinking_1912): 14 Apr 1912 to 15 Apr 1912; North Atlantic Ocean, about 740 km (400 nautical miles) off Newfoundland; deaths 1,490–1,517 (ESTIMATED). Passengers and crew lost. The U.S. Senate inquiry found 1,517 and the British Board of Trade inquiry 1,503; their official reports revised these to 1,500 and 1,490. NOAA states more than 1,500 of about 2,240 aboard died.
- [First World War](https://death.observer/timeline#first_world_war_1914): 28 Jul 1914 to 11 Nov 1918; Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the world's oceans; deaths 16,500,000–21,500,000 (ESTIMATED). Military plus civilian deaths, excluding the 1918 influenza pandemic. Low end: LSHTM (about 16.5 million, about 7 million of them civilians); high end: Britannica's about 8.5 million military dead plus about 13 million civilian deaths.
- [Halifax Explosion](https://death.observer/timeline#halifax_explosion_1917): 6 Dec 1917; Halifax Harbour, Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; deaths 1,631–1,946 (ESTIMATED). Direct deaths from the blast, tsunami and fires, including those who died of injuries in the following days. 1918 morgue records listed 1,631 known dead or missing; the count was revised to 1,946 by 2004 (The Canadian Encyclopedia). Britannica gives nearly 2,000.
- [1918 influenza pandemic](https://death.observer/timeline#influenza_pandemic_1918): 1918 to 1920; Worldwide; deaths 17,000,000–100,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Pandemic influenza deaths worldwide. CDC gives 'at least 50 million' and a CDC journal article 20–100 million; Our World in Data reports Johnson and Mueller (50 million, possibly up to 100 million) and Spreeuwenberg et al. 2018 (about 17 million, likely an underestimate).
- [Holodomor](https://death.observer/timeline#holodomor_1932): 1932 to 1933; Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (present-day Ukraine); deaths 2,600,000–5,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Direct excess deaths in Soviet Ukraine only; lost births are excluded. Demographic estimates range from 2.6 million (Vallin, Meslé et al. 2002) to 5 million (Conquest 1986), as summarised by Rudnytskyi et al. (Canadian Studies in Population, 2015) and Levchuk et al. (Nationalities Papers, 2020). The most detailed reconstruction gives 3.9 million excess deaths for 1932–34.
- [Second World War](https://death.observer/timeline#second_world_war_1939): 1 Sep 1939 to 2 Sep 1945; Europe, Asia-Pacific, North Africa and the world's oceans; deaths 60,000,000–85,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Military plus civilian deaths, including the Holocaust and war-related famine and disease. Low end: The National WWII Museum (about 60 million: 15 million battle, 45 million civilian). High end: National Museum of the Pacific War (70 to 85 million). Leitenberg (Cornell University Peace Studies Program) gives 65 to 75 million; older Britannica figures of 35 to 60 million predate revised Soviet and Chinese estimates. China's official figure for the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931–1945), released by the State Council Information Office in 2015: more than 35 million military and civilian casualties (killed and wounded), about 3.8 million of them military. It counts casualties, not deaths.
- [Bengal famine of 1943](https://death.observer/timeline#bengal_famine_1943): 1943 to 1944; Bengal province, British India (present-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, India); deaths 2,000,000–3,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from starvation and famine-related disease. Cormac Ó Gráda (History Ireland) gives over two million; Britannica gives some three million.
- [Partition of British India](https://death.observer/timeline#partition_of_british_india_1947): 15 Aug 1947 to 1947; Punjab, Bengal and other regions of present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; deaths 200,000–2,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from communal violence and from disease in refugee camps around partition. Range as given by Sarah Ansari (The Conversation, 2017); Stanford University Libraries gives up to two million.
- [Korean War](https://death.observer/timeline#korean_war_1950): 25 Jun 1950 to 27 Jul 1953; Korean Peninsula; deaths 2,260,000–3,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Military plus civilian deaths. Low end: about 2.26 million, the sum of US Army figures (217,000 South Korean and 36,568 US killed or missing, 3,063 other UN, 800,000 North Korean and Chinese killed in action, 1.2 million civilians); high end: about 3 million (IWM; Canadian Encyclopedia). China's official name is the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. Official figure: 197,653 Chinese People's Volunteers martyrs (confirmed in 2014; includes CPV officers and men killed or missing and support militia, labourers and staff).
- [Vietnam War](https://death.observer/timeline#vietnam_war_1954): 1954 to 1975; Vietnam, with fighting extending into Laos and Cambodia; deaths 966,000–3,800,000 (ESTIMATED). Military plus civilian war deaths in Vietnam; the sources use different time windows. Low end: about 966,000 war deaths for 1965–75 (Hirschman et al., as reported in BMJ 2008); high end: 3.8 million violent war deaths for 1955–2002 (BMJ 2008 survey analysis). Vietnam's 1995 official estimate (Britannica) implies over 3 million: up to 2 million civilians and about 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters.
- [1957–1958 influenza pandemic](https://death.observer/timeline#asian_influenza_1957): Feb 1957 to 1958; Worldwide; first reported in East Asia; deaths 700,000–2,100,000 (ESTIMATED). Excess deaths worldwide attributed to the pandemic. CDC cites 1.1 million; Viboud et al. (Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016) estimate 1.1 million (95% CI 0.7–1.5 million) for 1957–1959 and call 0.7–2.1 million the plausible range across methods.
- [Three Years of Difficulty (1959–1961)](https://death.observer/timeline#great_chinese_famine_1959): 1959 to 1961; China (mainly rural areas); deaths No reliable estimate (UNCERTAIN). No official PRC death toll has been published. Official statistic: the national population fell by 10 million in 1960 compared with 1959 (History of the Communist Party of China, Vol. 2, 2011, citing the NBS China Statistical Yearbook 1983). That is a net population change, not a count of deaths.
- [Nigerian Civil War](https://death.observer/timeline#nigerian_civil_war_1967): 6 Jul 1967 to 15 Jan 1970; South-eastern Nigeria (former Eastern Region); deaths 1,000,000–3,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from hostilities, disease and starvation, mostly civilians in the Biafran enclave. Range from the US Library of Congress country study (1–3 million), repeated in a University of Minnesota open-access volume, which also cites about 100,000 military and 500,000–2 million civilian deaths.
- [Smallpox eradication](https://death.observer/timeline#smallpox_eradication_1980): 1967 to 8 May 1980; Worldwide; last endemic areas in Africa and Asia; deaths 300,000,000–500,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Smallpox deaths across the whole 20th century, not deaths during the 1967–1980 programme. WHO gives 300 million; a peer-reviewed review and the US National Academies give 300–500 million.
- [1970 Bhola cyclone](https://death.observer/timeline#bhola_cyclone_1970): 12 Nov 1970 to 13 Nov 1970; Coastal East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), Bay of Bengal; deaths 300,000–500,000 (ESTIMATED). Direct deaths, mostly drowning in the storm surge. WMO and NOAA give 300,000–500,000; WMO's extremes archive adopts about 300,000 as the assessed figure.
- [Cambodian genocide](https://death.observer/timeline#cambodian_genocide_1975): 17 Apr 1975 to 7 Jan 1979; Cambodia; deaths 1,700,000–2,000,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths from all causes attributable to the regime (executions, starvation, disease, overwork). Low end: Yale Cambodian Genocide Program (approximately 1.7 million, about 21% of the population); high end: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (nearly two million).
- [1976 Tangshan earthquake](https://death.observer/timeline#tangshan_earthquake_1976): 28 Jul 1976; Tangshan, Hebei, China; deaths 242,769 (VERIFIED). Official PRC toll: 242,769 dead and 164,851 seriously injured, as published by the China Earthquake Administration system (Liaoning Earthquake Agency) and China National Emergency Broadcasting. Date is local time; in UTC the main shock was 27 July, 19:42.
- [Tenerife airport disaster](https://death.observer/timeline#tenerife_airport_disaster_1977): 27 Mar 1977; Los Rodeos Airport, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; deaths 583 (VERIFIED). All 248 aboard the KLM aircraft and 335 aboard the Pan Am aircraft; 61 Pan Am occupants survived. Figures from the FAA summary of the Spanish accident report and Britannica.
- [Jonestown deaths](https://death.observer/timeline#jonestown_deaths_1978): 18 Nov 1978; Jonestown, Port Kaituma and Georgetown, Guyana; deaths 918 (VERIFIED). All deaths that day: 909 at Jonestown (907 by cyanide poisoning, 2 by gunshot), 5 shot at the Port Kaituma airstrip and 4 in Georgetown; 304 were minors. Figures from the San Diego State University Jonestown archive and PBS American Experience.
- [Iran–Iraq War](https://death.observer/timeline#iran_iraq_war_1980): 22 Sep 1980 to 20 Aug 1988; Iran and Iraq, mainly along their shared border, and the Persian Gulf; deaths 405,000–1,250,000 (ESTIMATED). Deaths on both sides, military plus civilian. Low end: about 405,000, combining official figures of about 250,000 Iraqi dead and 155,081 Iranian dead (Kurzman, UNC); high end: 1.25 million (Correlates of War: 500,000 Iraqi and 750,000 Iranian dead, as cited by Kurzman). Britannica puts the number killed at perhaps 500,000.
- [HIV/AIDS pandemic](https://death.observer/timeline#hiv_aids_pandemic_1981): 5 Jun 1981 to 2025; Worldwide; deaths 33,800,000–61,100,000 (ESTIMATED). Cumulative deaths from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic through 2025: UNAIDS central estimate 44.2 million, uncertainty range 33.8–61.1 million.
- [Bhopal disaster](https://death.observer/timeline#bhopal_gas_leak_1984): 2 Dec 1984 to 3 Dec 1984; Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; deaths 15,000–23,000 (ESTIMATED). Cumulative deaths attributed to gas exposure over time. Britannica gives a final toll of 15,000–20,000; Harvard Chan School reports more than 22,000 over time; survivor organisations cited by Ohio State's Origins estimate 23,000 up to 2011. Immediate deaths (about 8,000 in the first three days per Harvard; about 10,000 'instantly' per Origins) are a subset and are not added.
- [Lake Nyos disaster](https://death.observer/timeline#lake_nyos_disaster_1986): 21 Aug 1986; Lake Nyos, North-West Region, Cameroon; deaths 1,746 (ESTIMATED). Deaths by CO2 asphyxiation in villages around the lake. 1,746 is the figure used in later scientific literature (Eos, 2016); the 1987 USGS field report gave 'at least 1,700'.
- [Chernobyl disaster](https://death.observer/timeline#chernobyl_disaster_1986): 26 Apr 1986 to 4 May 1986; Chernobyl nuclear power station near Pryp'yat, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine); contamination across Belarus, Russia and Ukraine; deaths 30 (VERIFIED). Acute deaths only: UNSCEAR reports 30 workers died within a few weeks (2 in the explosions and 28 of 134 radiation-sickness cases within three months). Excluded: 19 later deaths among radiation-sickness survivors (1987–2006, not all radiation-related) and long-term projected cancer deaths, which Britannica puts at several thousand expected; UNSCEAR records more than 6,000 thyroid cancer cases among those exposed as children by 2005.
- [Bosnian War](https://death.observer/timeline#bosnian_war_1992): Apr 1992 to 14 Dec 1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina; deaths 97,000–104,732 (ESTIMATED). People killed or missing, military plus civilian, from name-by-name counts. Low end: Research and Documentation Center, Sarajevo, 97,000 dead and missing (as reported in BMJ 2008); high end: ICTY demographers' final estimate of 104,732 killed. The House of Lords Library gives about 100,000. Includes up to 8,000 Bosniak men and boys killed at Srebrenica (UN).
- [1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda](https://death.observer/timeline#genocide_against_tutsi_rwanda_1994): 7 Apr 1994 to 4 Jul 1994; Rwanda; deaths 500,000–1,074,017 (ESTIMATED). People killed in the genocide. Low end: Human Rights Watch (at least half a million). High end: the Rwandan government's genocide victim census (MINALOC, July 2000; final report revised 2004), 1,074,017 declared victims, of whom 934,218 were individually enumerated. The UN gives 'more than one million'; McDoom (LSE, 2020) estimates 491,000–522,000 Tutsi killed.
- [Sampoong Department Store collapse](https://death.observer/timeline#sampoong_store_collapse_1995): 29 Jun 1995; Seocho District, Seoul, South Korea; deaths 502 (VERIFIED). Shoppers and employees killed in the collapse (302 of them employees, per The Korea Herald); 937 injured. Britannica gives more than 500 killed.
- [Second Congo War](https://death.observer/timeline#second_congo_war_1998): Aug 1998 to Dec 2002; Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially the eastern provinces; deaths No reliable estimate (UNCERTAIN). No reliable estimate. Published excess-death estimates (mostly from disease and malnutrition) range from about 200,000 to 5.4 million and cover August 1998 to April 2007, beyond the war itself; no reliable count of direct violent deaths exists.
- [Sinking of the MV Le Joola](https://death.observer/timeline#joola_ferry_sinking_2002): 26 Sep 2002; Atlantic Ocean off the coast of The Gambia (route Ziguinchor–Dakar, Senegal); deaths 1,863 (ESTIMATED). Official Senegalese toll of dead and missing as reported by BBC News and geographer Karen Barton (University of Northern Colorado). Labelled estimated because many passengers were unticketed and the ferry carried about three times its rated capacity, so the true number aboard is uncertain.
- [2003 European heat wave](https://death.observer/timeline#european_heat_wave_2003): Jun 2003 to Sep 2003; Western and southern Europe (notably France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal); deaths 71,449 (ESTIMATED). Excess deaths (not directly certified heat deaths), June–September 2003, in the 12 affected countries of a 16-country EU-funded study (Robine et al., 2008). About 45,000 occurred in August; the authors say the total is likely an underestimate because the Balkans and Greece were not covered.
- [2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami](https://death.observer/timeline#indian_ocean_tsunami_2004): 26 Dec 2004; Indian Ocean coasts; epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia; deaths 227,899 (ESTIMATED). Dead or missing and presumed dead in 15 countries (Indonesia 167,540; Sri Lanka 35,322; India 16,269; Thailand 8,212; others smaller), from the NOAA/NCEI Global Historical Tsunami Database. NCEI's event summary gives 227,898 because its narrative country list omits one death in Madagascar.
- [2010 Haiti earthquake](https://death.observer/timeline#haiti_earthquake_2010): 12 Jan 2010; Port-au-Prince region, Haiti; deaths 46,000–316,000 (UNCERTAIN). Direct deaths. High end: the Haitian government's official figure of 316,000, announced in January 2011 and used by NOAA/NCEI (an earlier government figure was 222,570). Low end: a draft survey-based report commissioned by USAID (LTL Strategies, 2011) estimating 46,000–85,000, which USAID did not endorse.
- [2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami](https://death.observer/timeline#tohoku_earthquake_tsunami_2011): 11 Mar 2011; Tōhoku region, north-eastern Honshu, Japan; deaths 15,899–18,453 (ESTIMATED). Direct deaths from shaking and tsunami. Low end: 15,899 confirmed dead (National Police Agency of Japan, as of 10 March 2021), which also lists 2,526 missing. High end: 18,453 dead or missing (NOAA tsunami database). Later 'disaster-related' deaths from evacuation and illness are not included.
- [2014–2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic](https://death.observer/timeline#ebola_west_africa_2014): 23 Mar 2014 to Jun 2016; Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, with cases in seven other countries; deaths 11,308–11,325 (VERIFIED). Reported deaths among suspected, probable and confirmed cases. WHO and CDC (2016) give 11,325 including 15 deaths outside the three main countries; CDC's current outbreak history lists 11,308 for Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
- [COVID-19 pandemic](https://death.observer/timeline#covid19_pandemic_2020): 30 Jan 2020 to 5 May 2023; Worldwide; deaths 13,300,000–16,600,000 (ESTIMATED). WHO estimate of excess mortality (deaths above expected, direct and indirect) for 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 only: about 14.9 million, range 13.3–16.6 million. It covers part of the emergency period, so it understates the toll to May 2023; it is not a count of confirmed COVID-19 deaths.

## Recent major events (last 12 months, 12 with 100 or more reported deaths)
Updated daily from GDACS, USGS (PAGER) and WHO Disease Outbreak News. Figures are PRELIMINARY reported deaths with an as-of date. Alert levels (GDACS, USGS PAGER) are model forecasts and are never given as death counts. 125 events captured in total; see https://death.observer/recent?view=all.
- [Flood in Nepal](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1104124): Flood, Nepal, began 26 Aug 2026; reported deaths 939 as of 1 Sep 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1104124&eventtype=FL).
- [Yellow fever - Global](https://death.observer/recent#who_don_yellow_fever_202606): Epidemic, Global, began 24 Jun 2026; reported deaths 100 as of 24 Jun 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON610).
- [Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Nigeria](https://death.observer/recent#who_don_ebola_disease_caused_by_bundibugyo_virus_202605): Epidemic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, began 16 May 2026; reported deaths 5,198 as of 6 Nov 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON625).
- [Measles - Bangladesh](https://death.observer/recent#who_don_measles_202604): Epidemic, Bangladesh, began 23 Apr 2026; reported deaths 166 as of 23 Apr 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON598).
- [Flood in Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103735): Flood, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, began 19 Jan 2026; reported deaths 143 as of 27 Jan 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103735&eventtype=FL).
- [Flood in Mozambique](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103694): Flood, Mozambique, began 22 Dec 2025; reported deaths 112 as of 26 Jan 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103694&eventtype=FL).
- [Flood in Malaysia, Thailand](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103663): Flood, Malaysia, Thailand, began 12 Dec 2025; reported deaths 279 as of 13 Dec 2025 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103663&eventtype=FL).
- [Flood in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103646): Flood, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, began 3 Dec 2025; reported deaths 955 as of 10 Dec 2025 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103646&eventtype=FL).
- [Flood in Sri Lanka](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103640): Flood, Sri Lanka, began 28 Nov 2025; reported deaths 486 as of 12 Dec 2025 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103640&eventtype=FL).
- [Diphtheria - African Region (AFRO)](https://death.observer/recent#who_don_diphtheria_202511): Epidemic, African Region (AFRO), began 21 Nov 2025; reported deaths 1,252 as of 21 Nov 2025 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/DON588).
- [Flood in Indonesia](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103633): Flood, Indonesia, began 17 Nov 2025; reported deaths 120 as of 5 Jan 2026 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103633&eventtype=FL).
- [Flood in Thailand](https://death.observer/recent#gdacs_fl_1103621): Flood, Thailand, began 17 Nov 2025; reported deaths 138 as of 3 Dec 2025 (PRELIMINARY; source https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1103621&eventtype=FL).

## Pages
- [Observatory](https://death.observer/): model counters, this day in history, selected statistics, questions and answers
- [Life / Death](https://death.observer/life-death): annual deaths since 1950, life expectancy by UN region, causes of death
- [Timeline](https://death.observer/timeline): every event with evidence and cited sources
- [Recent events](https://death.observer/recent): disasters and outbreaks of the last 12 months, updated daily
- [Methodology](https://death.observer/methodology): sources, counter model, labels, editorial policy, licences, how to cite, corrections

## Sources and licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition. CC BY 3.0 IGO. https://population.un.org/wpp/
- Event sources are cited per entry on the timeline.

## How to cite
death.observer (2026). Global Observatory of Life & Death. https://death.observer/ — and the original source above. Corrections: corrections@death.observer